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Product Code:SAE AIR1168/4
Title:Ice, Rain, Fog, and Frost Protection
Issuing Committee:Ac-9c Aircraft Icing Technology Committee
Scope: The ability of aircraft to fly in adverse weather conditions is a requirement for most military and commercial aircraft. Ice buildups in critical areas can affect flight safety by adding drag and weight and thus adversely affecting stability. Supercooled water droplets may exist in clouds at ambient temperatures far below the freezing point. When the droplets are disturbed by an aircraft flying through them, the droplets will impinge and may freeze on airfoil surfaces, radomes, engine inlets, windshields, and other areas, resulting in weight and drag penalties or obstruction of vision through transparent surfaces. Some means, therefore, must be provided to prevent large ice buildups in critical areas. The inner surfaces of most cockpit transparencies are susceptible to condensation in the form of fog or frost during most normal aircraft operation, particularly when descending from high altitude flight, unless fog and frost protection systems are provided. Fog will form on the inside surface of the windshield whenever that surface is below the cockpit air dew point. If the surface temperature is below 32 degrees F, frost will form. Removal of rain from the windshields to maintain pilot visibility is accomplished by hot air jet blast or by windshield wipers. A rain repellent fluid is sometimes used in conjunction with either system for increased rain removal efficiency.
Rationale: The ability of aircraft to fly in adverse weather conditions is a requirement for most military and commercial aircraft. Ice buildups in critical areas can affect flight safety by adding drag and weight and thus adversely affecting stability. Supercooled water droplets may exist in clouds at ambient temperatures far below the freezing point. When the droplets are disturbed by an aircraft flying through them, the droplets will impinge and may freeze on airfoil surfaces, radomes, engine inlets, windshields, and other areas, resulting in weight and drag penalties or obstruction of vision through transparent surfaces. Some means, therefore, must be provided to prevent large ice buildups in critical areas. The inner surfaces of most cockpit transparencies are susceptible to condensation in the form of fog or frost during most normal aircraft operation, particularly when descending from high altitude flight, unless fog and frost protection systems are provided. Fog will form on the inside surface of the windshield whenever that surface is below the cockpit air dew point. If the surface temperature is below 32 degrees F, frost will form. Removal of rain from the windshields to maintain pilot visibility is accomplished by hot air jet blast or by windshield wipers. A rain repellent fluid is sometimes used in conjunction with either system for increased rain removal efficiency.【英文标准名称】:SatelliteEarthStationsandSystems(SES)-HarmonizedENforVerySmallApertureTerminal(VSAT)-Transmit-only,transmit/receiveorreceive-onlysatelliteearthstationsoperatinginthe11/12/14GHzfrequencybandscoveringessentialrequirementsund
【原文标准名称】:卫星地面站和系统(SES).甚小天线地面站一致协调标准欧洲E在11/12/14GHz频带上运行的只发送、发送/接收或只接收的卫星地面站
【标准号】:DINEN301428-2001
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:德国
【发布日期】:2001-10
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:德国标准化学会(DIN)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:发射台;接收台;终端装置;卫星接收;地面站;卫星通信;无线电通信系统;传播学;导则;传输技术;无线电收发信机;频带;无线电工程;操作;接收机;传输方法;规范(验收);电气工程;无线电台;电信;移动无线电通信系统
【英文主题词】:
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:M35
【国际标准分类号】:33_060_30
【页数】:1P;A4
【正文语种】:德语